Note: Deleted topics are mentioned red in colour for easy understanding.
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SUBJECT:
BOTANY
Botany-I: Intermediate First Year
UNIT-I:DIVERSITY
IN THE LIVING WORLD:
1.
The living
world: What is living? Diversity in the living world; Taxonomic categories
and taxonomical aids.
2.
Biological
Classification: Five kingdom classification - Monera, Protista, Fungi,
Plantae and Animalia, Three domains of life (six kingdom classification),
Viruses, Viroids, Prions & Lichens.
3.
Science of
plants– Botany: Origin, Development, Scope of Botany and Branches of
Botany.
4.
Plant
Kingdom: Salient features, classification and alternation of generations of
the plants of the following groups - Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes,
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.
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UNIT-II: STRUCTURAL
ORGANISATION IN PLANTS- MORPHOLOGY:
5.
Morphology
of flowering Plants: Vegetative: Parts of a typical Angiospermic plant;
Vegetative morphology and modifications- Root, Stem and Leaf- types; Venation,
Phyllotaxy.Reproductive: Inflorescence
- Racemose, Cymose and special types (in brief). Flower: Parts of a flower and their detailed description;
Aestivation, Placentation. Fruits:
Types- True, False and parthenocarpic fruits.
UNIT-III: REPRODUCTION
IN PLANTS:
6.
Modes of
Reproduction: A sexual reproduction, binary fission, Sporulation, budding,
fragmentation, vegetative propagation in plants, Sexual reproduction-in brief,
Overview of angiosperm life cycle.
7.
Sexual
Reproduction in Flowering Plants: Stamen, microsporangium, pollen grain.
Pistil, megasporangium (ovule) and embryo sac; Development of male and female
gametophytes.
Pollination - Types, agents, Out breeding devices and
Pollen - Pistil interaction. Double Fertilization; Post fertilisation events:
Development of endosperm and embryo; development of seed, Structure of
Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous seeds, Significance of fruit and seed.
Special modes - Apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony.
UNIT-IV:PLANT
SYSTEMATICS:
8.
Taxonomy of
angiosperms: Introduction. Types of Systems of classification (In brief).
Semi- Technical description of a typical flowering plant. Description of
Families: Fabaceae, Solanaceae and Liliaceae.
UNIT-V:CELL
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION:
9.
Cell- The Unit of Life: Cell- Cell theory and
cell as the basic unit of life- overview of the cell. Prokaryotic and
Eukoryotic cells, Ultra Structure of Plant cell (structure in detail and
functions in brief), Cell membrane, Cell wall, Cell organelles: Endoplasmic
reticulum, Mitochondria, Plastids, Ribosomes, Golgi bodies, Vacuoles,
Lysosomes, Microbodies, Centrosome and Centriole, Cilia, Flagella, Cytoskeleton
and Nucleus. Chromosomes: Number, structural organization; Nucleosome.
10. Biomolecules: Structure and function of
Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids and Nucleic acids.
11. Cell cycle and Cell Division: Cell
cycle, Mitosis, Meiosis - significance.
UNIT-VI:INTERNAL
ORGANISATION OF PLANTS:
12. Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants:
Tissues - Types, structure and functions: Meristematic; Permanent tissues -
Simple and Complex tissues. Tissue systems - Types, structure and function:
Epidermal, Ground and Vascular tissue systems. Anatomy of Dicotyledonous and
Monocotyledonous plants - Root, Stem and Leaf. Secondary growth in Dicot stem
and Dicot root.
UNIT-VII:PLANT
ECOLOGY:
13. Ecological Adaptations, Succession and
Ecological Services: Introduction. Plant communities and Ecological
adaptations: Hydrophytes, Mesophytes and Xerophytes. Plant succession.
Ecological services-Carbon fixation, Oxygen release and pollination (in brief).
Botany-II: Intermediate Second Year
UNIT-I:PLANT
PHYSIOLOGY
1.
Transport in
Plants: Means of Transport- Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, Passive symports
and antiports, Active Transport, Comparison of Different
Transport Processes, Plant-Water Relations- Water Potential, Osmosis,
Plasmolysis, Imbibition, Long Distance Transport of Water- Water
Movement up a Plant, Root Pressure, Transpiration
pull, Transpiration- Opening and Closing of
Stomata, Transpiration and
Photosynthesis - a compromise Uptake and Transport of Mineral Nutrients-
Uptake of Mineral Ions, Translocation of Mineral Ions, Phloem transport: Flow
from Source to Sink-The Pressure Flow or Mass Flow Hypothesis.
2.
Mineral
Nutrition: Methods to Study the Mineral Requirements of Plants, Essential
Mineral Elements-Criteria for Essentiality, Macronutrients, Micronutrients,
Role of Macro- and Micronutrients, Deficiency Symptoms of Essential Elements,
Toxicity of Micronutrients, Mechanism of Absorption of Elements, Translocation
of Solutes, Soil as Reservoir of Essential Elements, Metabolism of
Nitrogen-Nitrogen Cycle, Biological Nitrogen Fixation, Symbiotic nitrogen
fixation, Nodule Formation.
3.
Enzymes:
Chemical Reactions, Enzymatic Conversions, Nature of Enzyme Action,
Factors Affecting Enzyme
Activity, Temperature and pH, Concentration of Substrate,
Classification and Nomenclature of Enzymes, Co-factors.
4.
Photosynthesis
in Higher Plants: Early Experiments, Site of Photosynthesis, Pigments Involved
in Photosynthesis, Light Reaction, The Electron Transport-Splitting of Water,
Cyclic and Noncyclic Photo-phosphorylation, Chemiosmotic Hypothesis,
Biosynthetic phase- The Primary Acceptor of CO2, The Calvin Cycle, The C4
Pathway, Photorespiration, Factors affecting Photosynthesis.
5.
Respiration
of Plants: Cellular respiration, Glycolysis, Fermentation, Aerobic
Respiration - Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle, Electron Transport System (ETS) and
Oxidative Phosphorylation, The Respiratory Balance Sheet, Amphibolic Pathway,
Respiratory Quotient.
6.
Plant Growth
and Development: Growth- Plant Growth, Phases of Growth, Growth Rates,
Conditions for Growth, Differentiation, Dedifferentiation and
Redifferentiation, Development, Plant Growth Regulators- Discovery, PhysiologicalEffectsofPlant
Growth Regulators, Auxins,Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Ethylene, Abscisic acid,
Seed Dormancy, Photoperiodism, Vernalisation
UNIT-II:MICROBIOLOGY:
7.
Bacteria:
Morphology of Bacteria, Bacterial cell structure - Nutrition, Reproduction-Sexual
Reproduction, Conjugation, Transformation, Transduction, The importance of
Bacteria to Humans.
8.
Viruses:
Discovery, Classification of Viruses, structure of Viruses, Multiplication of
Bacteriophages – The lytic cycle, The Lysogenic Cycle, Viral diseases in
Plants, Viral diseases in Humans.
UNIT-III:GENETICS:
9.
Principles
of Inheritance and Variation: Mendel’s Experiments, Inheritance of one gene (Monohybrid Cross)-Back cross and Test cross, Law of
Dominance, Law of Segregation or Law of
purity of gametes,
Deviations from Mendelian concept of dominance - Incomplete Dominance,
Codominance, Explanation of the concept of dominance, Inheritance of two genes-
Law of Independent
Assortment, Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance,
Linkage and Recombination, Mutations, Significance of mutations.
UNIT-IV:MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY:
10.
Molecular
Basis of inheritance: The DNA- Structure of Polynucleotide Chain, Packaging
of DNA-Helix. The Search for Genetic
Material, Transforming Principle, Biochemical Characterisation of Transforming
Principle, The Genetic Material is DNA, Properties of Genetic Material (DNA
versus RNA), RNA World, Replication - The Experimental Proof, The Machinery and
the Enzymes, Transcription-Transcription Unit, Transcription Unit and the Gene,
Types of RNA and the process of Transcription, Genetic Code-Mutations and
Genetic Code, tRNA- the Adapter
Molecule, Translation, Regulation of Gene Expression-The Lac operon.
UNIT-V:BIOTECHNOLOGY
11.
Principles
and processes of Biotechnology: Principles of Biotechnology-Construction of
the first artificial recombinant DNA molecule, Tools of Recombinant DNA
Technology-Restriction Enzymes, Cloning Vectors, Competent Host (For
Transformation with Recombinant DNA), Processes of
Recombinant DNA Technology- Isolation of the Genetic
Material (DNA), Cutting of DNA
at Specific Locations,
Separation and isolation of DNA
fragments, Insertion of isolated gene into a suitable vector, Amplification of
Gene of Interest using PCR, Insertion of Recombinant DNA into the Host,
Cell/Organism, Selection of
Transformed host cells, Obtaining the Foreign Gene Product, Downstream Processing.
12.
Biotechnology
and its applications: Biotechnological Applications in Agriculture-Bt
Cotton, Pest Resistant Plants, Other applications of Biotechnology - Insulin,
Gene therapy, Molecular Diagnosis, ELISA, DNA fingerprinting, Transgenic
plants, Bio-safety and Ethical issues- Biopiracy.
UNIT-VI:PLANTS,
MICROBES AND HUMAN WELFARE:
13.
Strategies
for enhancement in food production: Plant Breeding- What is Plant Breeding?
Wheat and Rice, Sugarcane, Millets, Plant Breeding for Disease Resistance,
Methods of breeding for disease resistance, Mutation, Plant Breeding for
Developing Resistance to Insect Pests, Plant Breeding for Improved Food
Quality, Single Cell Protein (SCP), Tissue Culture.
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14.
Microbes in
Human Welfare: Microbes in Household Products, Microbes in Industrial
ProductsFermented Beverages, Antibiotics, Chemicals, Enzymes and other
Bioactive Molecules,Microbes in Sewage Treatment, Primary treatment, Secondary
treatment or Biological treatment, Microbes in Production of Biogas, Microbes
as Biocontrol Agents, Biological control of pests and diseases, Microbes as
Biofertilisers, Challenges posed by Microbes.
DELETIONS
FROM BOTANY 2nd
YEAR INTERMEDIATESYLLABUS:
2. Mineral
Nutrition: Entire Chapter Deleted.
6. Plant Growth and Development: 6.1: Growth, 6.2: Differentiation, De-differentiate and
Redifferentiation, 6.3: Development, 6.5: Seed dormancy, 6.6: Photo-periodism,
6.7: Vernalisation.
13. Strategies for enhancement in food
production: 13.1.2: Plant breeding for
disease resistance, 13.1.3: Plant breeding for developing resistance to insect
pests, 13.1.4: Plant breeding for improve feed Quality, 13.2: Single cell
Proteins (SCP)
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