Note: Deleted topics are mentioned red in colour for easy understanding.
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SUBJECT:
CHEMISTRY
Chemistry-I: Intermediate First Year
1.
ATOMIC
STRUCTURE: Sub- atomic particles; Atomic models –Rutherford’s Nuclear model
of atom; Developments to the Bohr’s model of atom; Nature of electromagnetic
radiation; Particle nature of electromagnetic radiation- Planck’s quantum
theory; Bohr’s model for Hydrogen atom; Explanation of line spectrum of hydrogen;
Limitations of Bohr’s model; Quantum mechanical considerations of sub atomic
particles; Dual behaviour of matter; Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle;
Quantum mechanical model of an atom. Important features of Quantum mechanical
model of atom; Orbitals and quantum numbers; Shapes of atomic orbitals;
Energies of orbitals; Filling of orbitals in atoms. Aufbau Principle, Pauli’s
exclusion Principle and Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity; Electronic
configurations of atoms; Stability of half-filled and completely filled
orbitals.
2.
CLASSIFICATION
OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES: Need to classify elements;
Genesis of periodic classification; Modern periodic law and present form of the
periodic table; Nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than 100;
Electronic configuration of elements and
the periodic table; Electronic configuration and types of elements
s,p,d. and f blocks; Trends in physical properties:(a) Atomic radius, (b) Ionic
radius (c) Variation of size in inner transition elements, (d) Ionization
enthalpy,(e) Electron gain enthalpy, (f) Electro negativity; Periodic trends in
chemical properties: (a) Valence or Oxidation states, (b) Anomalous properties
of second period elements - diagonal relationship; Periodic trends and chemical
reactivity.
3.
CHEMICAL
BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE: Kossel - Lewis approach to
chemical bonding, Octet rule,
Representation of simple molecules, formal charges, limitations of octet rule;
Ionic or electrovalent bond - Factors favourable for the formation of ionic
compounds- Crystal structure of sodium chloride, General properties of ionic
compounds; Bond Parameters - bond length, bond angle, and bond enthalpy, bond
order, resonance-Polarity of bonds dipole moment-Fajan rules; Valence Shell Electron
Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory; Predicting the geometry of simple molecules;
Valence bond theory-Orbital overlap concept-Directional properties of
bonds-overlapping of atomic orbitals-types of overlapping and nature of
covalent bonds-strength of sigma and pi bonds-Factors favouring the formation
of covalent bonds; Hybridisation- different types of hybridization involving s,
p and d orbitals- shapes of simple covalent molecules; Coordinate bond -
definition with examples; Molecular orbital theory - Formation of molecular
orbitals, Linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO)-conditions for
combination of atomic orbitals - Energy level diagrams for molecular orbitals
-Bonding in some homo nuclear diatomic molecules- H2, He2,
Li2, B2, C2, N2 and O2;
Hydrogen bonding-cause of formation of hydrogen bond - Types of hydrogen
bonds-inter and intra molecularGeneral properties of hydrogen bonds.
4.
STATES OF
MATTER: GASES AND LIQUIDS: Intermolecular forces; Thermal Energy;
Intermolecular forces Vs Thermal interactions; The Gaseous
State; The Gas Laws; Ideal gas equation;
Graham’s law of diffusion -
Dalton’s Law of partial pressures; Kinetic molecular theory of gases; Kinetic
gas equation of an ideal gas (No derivation) deduction of gas laws from Kinetic
gas equation; Distribution of molecular speeds - rms, average and most probable
speeds-Kinetic energy of gas molecules; Behaviour of real gases - Deviation
from Ideal gas behaviour - Compressibility factor Vs Pressure diagrams of real
gases; Liquefaction of gases; Liquid State - Properties of Liquids in terms of
Inter molecular interactions - Vapour pressure, Viscosity and Surface tension
(Qualitative idea only. No mathematical derivation).
5.
STOICHIOMETRY:
Some Basic Concepts - Properties of matter - uncertainty in Measurementsignificant
figures, dimensional analysis; Laws of Chemical Combinations - Law of
Conservation of Mass, Law of Definite Proportions, Law of Multiple Proportions,
Gay Lussac’s Law of Gaseous Volumes, Dalton’s Atomic Theory, Avogadro Law,
Examples; Atomic and molecular masses- mole concept and molar mass. Concept of
equivalent weight; Percentage composition of compounds and calculations of
empirical and molecular formulae of compounds; Stoichiometry and stoichiometric
calculations-limiting reagent; Methods of Expressing concentrations of
solutions-mass percent, mole fraction, molarity, molality and normality; Redox
reactions-classical idea of redox reactions, oxidation and reduction
reactions-redox reactions in terms of electron transfer; Oxidation number
concept; Types of Redox reactions- combination, decomposition, displacement and
disproportionation reactions; Balancing of redox reactions - oxidation number
method Half reaction (ion-electron) method; Redox reactions in Titrimetry.
6.
THERMODYNAMICS:
Thermodynamic Terms; The system and the surroundings; Types of systems and
surroundings; The state of the system; The Internal Energy as a State Function.
(a) Work (b) Heat (c) The general case, the first law of Thermodynamics;
Applications; Work; Enthalpy, H- a useful new state function; Extensive and
intensive properties; Heat capacity; The relationship between Cp and
Cv; Measurement of U and H: Calorimetry; Enthalpy change, rH
of reactions - reaction Enthalpy (a) Standard enthalpy of reactions, (b)
Enthalpy changes during transformations, (c) Standard enthalpy of formation,
(d) Thermo chemical equations (e) Hess’s law of constant Heat summation;
Enthalpies for different types of reactions. (a) Standard enthalpy of
combustion (∆cH),
(b) Enthalpy of atomization (∆aH),
phase transition, sublimation and ionization, (c) Bond Enthalpy
(∆bondH),
(d) Enthalpy of solution (∆solH) and dilution-lattice
enthalpy; Spontaneity. (a) Is decrease in enthalpy a criterion for spontaneity?
(b) Entropy and spontaneity, the second law of thermodynamics, (c) Gibbs Energy
and spontaneity; Gibbs Energy change and equilibrium; Absolute entropy and the
third law ofthermodynamics.
7.
CHEMICAL
EQUILIBRIUM AND ACIDS-BASES: Equilibrium in Physical process; Equilibrium
in chemical process - Dynamic Equilibrium; Law of chemical Equilibrium - Law of
mass action and Equilibrium constant; Homogeneous Equilibria, Equilibrium
constant in gaseous systems. Relationship between KP and Kc;
Heterogeneous Equilibria; Applications of Equilibrium constant; Relationship
between Equilibrium constant K, reaction quotient Q and Gibbs energy G; Factors
affecting Equilibria.-Le-chatlier principle application to industrial synthesis
of Ammonia and Sulphur trioxide; Ionic Equilibrium in solutions; Acids, bases
and salts- Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis concepts of acids and bases;
Ionisation of Acids and Bases - Ionisation constant of water and its ionic
product- pH scale-ionisation constants of weak acids-ionisation of weak
bases-relation between Ka and Kb-Di and poly basic acids
and di and poly acidic Bases-Factors affecting acid strength- Common ion effect
in the ionization of acids and bases-Hydrolysis of salts and pH of their
solutions; Buffer solutions- designing of buffer solution-Preparation of Acidic
buffer; Solubility Equilibria of sparingly soluble salts. Solubility product
constant Common ion effect on solubility of Ionic salts.
8.
HYDROGEN AND
ITS COMPOUNDS: Position of hydrogen in the periodic table;
DihydrogenOccurrence and Isotopes; Preparation of Dihydrogen; Properties of
Dihydrogen; Hydrides: Ionic, covalent, and non-stoichiometric hydrides; Water:
Physical properties; structure of water, ice. Chemical properties of water;
hard and soft water, Temporary and permanent hardness of water; Hydrogen
peroxide: Preparation; Physical properties; structure and chemical properties;
storage and uses; Heavy Water; Hydrogen as a fuel.
9.
THE s -
BLOCK ELEMENTS (ALKALI AND ALKALINE EARTH METALS):
Group 1 Elements : Alkali metals; Electronic configurations; Atomic
and Ionic radii; Ionization enthalpy; Hydration enthalpy; Physical properties;
Chemical properties; Uses; General characteristics of the compounds of the
alkali metals: Oxides; Halides; Salts of oxo Acids; Anomalous properties of
Lithium: Differences and similarities with other alkali metals, Diagonal
relationship; similarities between Lithium and Magnesium; Some important
compounds of Sodium: Sodium Carbonate; Sodium Chloride; Sodium Hydroxide;
Sodium hydrogen carbonate; Biological
importance of Sodium andPotassium.
Group 2 Elements: Alkaline earth elements; Electronic
configuration; Ionization enthalpy; Hydration enthalpy; Physical properties,
Chemical properties; Uses; General characteristics of compounds of the Alkaline
Earth Metals: Oxides, hydroxides, halides, salts of oxoacids (Carbonates;
Sulphates and Nitrates); Anomalous behavior of Beryllium; its diagonal
relationship with Aluminium; Some important compounds of calcium: Preparation
and uses of Calcium Oxide; Calcium Hydroxide; Calcium Carbonate; Plaster of
Paris; Cement; Biological importance of Calcium andMagnesium.
10.
p- BLOCK
ELEMENTS GROUP 13 (BORON FAMILY): General introduction - Electronic
configuration, Atomic radii, Ionization enthalpy, Electro negativity; Physical
& Chemical properties; Important trends and anomalous properties of boron;
Some important compounds of boron - Borax, Ortho boric acid, diborane; Uses of
boron, aluminium and their compounds.
11.
p-BLOCK
ELEMENTS - GROUP 14 (CARBON FAMILY): General introduction - Electronic
configuration, Atomic radii, Ionization enthalpy, Electro negativity; Physical
& Chemical properties; Important trends and anomalous properties of carbon;
Allotropes of carbon; Uses of carbon; Some important compounds of carbon and
silicon - carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, Silica, silicones, silicates and
zeolites.
12.
ENVIRONMENTAL
CHEMISTRY: Definition of terms: Air, Water and Soil Pollutions;
Environmental Pollution; Atmospheric pollution; Tropospheric Pollution; Gaseous
Air Pollutants (Oxides of Sulphur; Oxides of Nitrogen; Hydrocarbons; Oxides of
Carbon (CO, CO2). Global warming and Greenhouse effect; Acid Rain-
Particulate Pollutants- Smog; Stratospheric Pollution: Formation and breakdown
of Ozone- Ozone hole- effects of depletion of the Ozone Layer; Water Pollution:
Causes of Water Pollution; International standards for drinking water; Soil
Pollution: Pesticides, Industrial Wastes; Strategies to control environmental
pollution- waste Management- collection and disposal; Green Chemistry: Green
chemistry in day-to-day life; Dry cleaning of clothes; Bleaching of paper;
Synthesis ofchemicals.
13.
ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY-SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES AND
HYDROCARBONS: General introduction; Tetravalency of Carbon: shapes
of organic compounds; Structural representations of organic compounds;
Classification of organic compounds; Nomenclature of organic compounds;
Isomerism; Fundamental concepts in organic reaction mechanisms; Fission of
covalent bond; Nucleophiles and electrophiles; Electron movements in organic
reactions; Electron displacement effects in covalent bonds: inductive effect,
resonance, resonance effect, electromeric effect, hyper conjugation; Types of
Organic reactions; Methods of purification of organic compounds; Qualitative
elemental analysis of organic compounds; Quantitative elemental analysis
of organiccompounds.
Hydrocarbons: Classification of Hydrocarbons; Alkanes - Nomenclature, isomerism (structural and conformations of
ethane only); Preparation of alkanes; Properties - Physical properties and
chemical Reactivity, Substitution reactions – Halogenation (free radical
mechanism), Combustion, Controlled Oxidation, Isomerisation, Aromatization,
reaction with steam and Pyrolysis; Alkenes-
Nomenclature, structure of ethene, Isomerism (structural and geometrical);
Methods of preparation; Properties- Physical and chemical reactions: Addition
of Hydrogen, halogen, water, sulphuric acid, Hydrogen halides (Mechanism- ionic
and peroxide effect, Markovnikov’s, anti-Markovnikov’s or Kharasch effect).
Oxidation, Ozonolysis and Polymerization; Alkynes
- Nomenclature and isomerism, structure of acetylene. Methods of
preparation of acetylene; Physical properties, Chemical reactions- acidic
character of acetylene, addition reactions- of hydrogen, Halogen, Hydrogen
halides and water. Polymerization; Aromatic
Hydrocarbons: Nomenclature and isomerism, Structure of benzene, Resonance
and aromaticity; Preparation of benzene. Physical properties. Chemical
properties:
Mechanism of electrophilic
substitution. Electrophilic substitution reactions- Nitration, Sulphonation,
Halogenation, Friedel-Craft’ alkylation and acylation; Directive influence of
functional groups in mono substituted benzene, Carcinogenicity andtoxicity.
Chemistry-II: Intermediate Second Year
1. SOLID STATE: General characteristics of
solid state; Amorphous and crystalline solids; Classification of
crystallinesolids based on different binding forces (molecular, ionic, metallic
and covalent solids); Probing the structure of solids: X-ray crystallography;
Crystal lattices and unit cells. Bravais
lattices primitive and centered unit cells; Number of atoms in
a unit cell (primitive, body centered and face centered cubic unit cell); Close
packed structures: Close packing in
one dimension, in two dimensions and in three dimensions- tetrahedral
and octahedral voids- formula of a compound and number of voids filled-
locating tetrahedral and octahedral
voids; Packing efficiency
in simple cubic, bcc and in hcp,
ccp lattice; Calculations involving unit cell dimensions-density of the unit cell;
Imperfections in solids-types of point defects-stoichiometric and
non-stoichiometric defects; Electrical properties-conduction of electricity in
metals, semiconductors and insulators- band theory of metals; Magnetic properties.
2. SOLUTIONS: Types of solutions;
Expressing concentration of solutions - mass percentage, volume percentage,
mass by volume percentage, parts per million, mole fraction, molarity and
molality; Solubility: Solubility of a solid in a liquid, solubility of a gas in
a liquid, Henry’s law; Vapour pressure of liquid solutions: vapour pressure of
liquid- liquid solutions. Raoult’s law as a special case of Henry’s law -vapour
pressure of solutions of solids in liquids; Ideal and non-ideal solutions;
Colligative properties and determination of molar mass-relative lowering of
vapour pressure- elevation of boiling point-depression of freezing
point-osmosis and osmotic pressurereverse osmosis and water purification;
Abnormal molar masses-van’t Hoff factor.
3. ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL KINETICS:
Electrochemistry: Electrochemical cells; Galvanic cells:
measurement of electrode potentials; Nernst equation- equilibrium constant from
Nernst equation- electrochemical cell and Gibbs energy of the cell reaction;
Conductance of electrolytic solutions- measurement of the conductivity of ionic
solutions-variation of conductivity and molar conductivity with
concentration-strong electrolytes and weak electrolytes-applications of
Kohlrausch’s law; Electrolytic cells and electrolysis: Faraday’s laws of electrolysis-products of
electrolysis; Batteries: primary batteries and secondary batteries;
Fuel cells; Corrosion of metals-Hydrogen economy.
Chemical Kinetics: Rate of a chemical reaction; Factors influencing
rate of a reaction: dependence of rate on concentration- rate expression and
rate constant- order of a reaction, molecularity of a reaction; Integrated rate
equations-zero order reactions-first order reactions- half-life of a reaction;
Pseudo first order reaction; Temperature dependence of the rate of a
reaction -effect of catalyst; Collision theory of chemical reaction rates.
4. SURFACE CHEMISTRY: Adsorption :
Distinction between adsorption and absorptionmechanism of adsorption-types of
adsorption- characteristics of physisorption-characteristics of
chemisorption-adsorption isotherms-adsorption from solution phase-applications
of adsorption; Catalysis: Catalysts,
promoters and poisons-auto catalysis- homogeneous and heterogeneous
catalysis-adsorption theory of heterogeneous catalysis-important features of
solid catalysts: (a)activity (b)selectivity-shape-selective catalysis by
zeolites-enzyme catalysis-characteristics and mechanism- catalysts in industry;
Colloids; Classification of
colloids: Classification based on physical state of dispersed phase and
dispersion medium- classification based on nature of interaction between
dispersed phase and dispersion medium- classification based on type of
particles of the dispersed phase- multi molecular, macromolecular and
associated colloids- cleansing action of soapspreparation of
colloids-purification of colloidal
solutions-properties of colloidal
solutions: Colligative properties, Tyndal effect, colour, Brownian
movement-charge on colloidal particles, electrophoresis;
coagulation-precipitation methods-coagulation of lyophilic sols and protection
of colloids- Emulsions; Colloids around us- application of colloids.
5. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF METALLURGY: Occurrence
of metals; Concentration of ores- levigation, magnetic separation, froth
floatation, leaching; Extraction of crude metal from concentrated
ore-conversion to oxide, reduction of oxide to the metal; Thermodynamic principles
of metallurgy – Ellingham diagram-limitations-applications-extraction of iron,
copper and zinc from their oxides; Electrochemical principles of metallurgy;
Oxidation and reduction; Refining of crude metal-distillation, liquation
poling, electrolytic refining, zone refining and vapour phase refining; Uses of
aluminium, copper, zinc and iron.
6. p-BLOCK ELEMENTS:
Group-15 Elements: Occurrence- electronic configuration, atomic and
ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and chemical
properties; Dinitrogen-preparation, properties and uses; Compounds of nitrogen-preparation,
properties and uses of ammonia; Oxides of nitrogen; Preparation and properties
of nitric acid; Phosphorous-allotropic forms; Phosphine-preparation, properties
and uses; Phosphorous halides; Oxoacids of phosphorous
Group-16 Elements: Occurrence- electronic configuration, atomic and
ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, electron gain
enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and chemical properties;
Dioxygenpreparation, properties and uses;
Simple oxides;
Ozone-preparation, properties, structure
and uses; Sulphur-allotropic forms; Sulphur dioxide-preparation,
properties and uses; Oxoacids of sulphur; Sulphuric acid- manufacture,
properties anduses.
Group-17 Elements: Occurrence, electronic configuration, atomic and
ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electro negativity,
physical and chemical properties; Chlorine- preparation, properties and uses;
Hydrogen chloride- preparation, properties and uses; Oxoacids of halogens;
Interhalogen compounds- preparation, properties and uses.
Group-18 Elements: Occurrence, electronic configuration, ionization
enthalpy, atomic radii, electron gain enthalpy, physical and chemical
properties(a) Xenon-fluorine compounds- XeF2,XeF4 and XeF6
preparation, hydrolysis and formation of fluoro anions-structures of XeF2,
XeF4 and XeF6 (b) Xenonoxygen compounds XeO3
and XeOF4 - their formation and structures-uses of noblegases.
7. d AND f BLOCK
ELEMENTS & COORDINATIONCOMPOUNDS:
d and f block elements: Position in the periodic table; Electronic
configuration of the d-block elements; General properties of the transition
elements (d-block) -physical properties, variation in atomic and ionic sizes of
transition series, ionisation enthalpies, oxidation states, trends in the M²+/M
and M³+/M²+ standard electrode potentials, trends in stability of higher
oxidation states, chemical reactivity
and Eθ values,
magnetic properties, formation of coloured ions,
formation of complex compounds, catalytic properties,
formation of interstitial compounds, alloy formation; Some important compounds of
transition elements-oxides and oxoanions of metals-preparation, properties and
uses of potassium dichromate and potassium permanganate-structures of chromate,
dichromate, manganate and permanganate ions; Inner transition
elements(f-block)-lanthanoids- electronic configuration-atomic and ionic
sizes-oxidation states- general characteristics; Actinoids-electronic
configuration atomic and ionic sizes, oxidation states, general characteristics
and comparison with lanthanoids; Some applications of d and f block elements.
Coordination compounds: Werner’s theory of coordination compounds;
Definitions of some terms used in coordination compounds; Nomenclature of
coordination compounds-IUPAC nomenclature; Isomerism in coordination compounds-
(a)Stereo Isomerism-Geometrical and optical isomerism (b)Structural
isomerism-linkage, coordination, ionisation and hydrate isomerism; Bonding in
coordination compounds. (a)Valence bond theory - magnetic properties of
coordination compoundslimitations of valence bond theory (b) Crystal field
theory (i) Crystal field splitting in octahedral and tetrahedral coordination
entities (ii) Colour in coordination compounds- limitations of crystal field
theory; Bonding in metal carbonyls; Stability of coordination compounds;
Importance and applications of coordinationcompounds.
8.
POLYMERS: Classification of
Polymers -Classification based
on source, structure,
mode of polymerization, molecular forces and growth polymerization;
Types of polymerization reactionsaddition polymerization or chain growth
polymerization-ionic polymerization, free radical mechanism-preparation of
addition polymers-polythene, teflon and
polyacrylonitrile-condensation polymerization or step
growth polymerization-polyamides-preparation of Nylon 6,6 and nylon 6poly
esters-terylene-bakelite, melamine-formaldehyde polymers; copolymerization-
Rubber- natural rubber-vulcanisation of rubber-Synthetic rubbers-preparation of
neoprene and buna-N; Molecular mass of polymers-number average and weight
average molecular masses- poly dispersity index(PDI); Biodegradable
polymers-PHBV, Nylon 2-nylon 6; Polymers of commercial importance-polypropene,
polystyrene, polyvinylchloride (PVC), urea-formaldehyde resin, glyptal and bakelite
- their monomers, structures and uses.
9.
BIOMOLECULES:
Carbohydrates - Classification of carbohydrates- Monosaccharides:
preparation of glucose from sucrose and
starch- Properties and structure of glucose- D,L configurations and (+),
(-) notations of glucose-Structure of fructose; Disaccharides: Sucrose-
preparation, structure; Invert sugar- Structures of maltose and lactose-
Polysaccharides: Structures of starch, cellulose and
glycogen- Importance of
carbohydrates; Proteins- Aminoacids: Natural
aminoacids-classification of aminoacids - structures and D and L forms-Zwitter
ions; Proteins: Structures,
classification, fibrous and globular- primary, secondary, tertiary and
quarternary structures of proteins- Denaturation of proteins; Enzymes: Enzymes, mechanism of enzyme
action; Vitamins: Explanation-names-
classification of vitamins - sources of vitamins-deficiency diseases of
different types of vitamins; Nucleic
acids: chemical composition of nucleic acids, structures of nucleic acids,
DNA finger printing biological
functions of nucleic acids; Hormones: Definition, different types
of hormones, their production, biological activity, diseases due to their
abnormal activities.
10.
CHEMISTRY IN
EVERYDAY LIFE: Drugs and their classification: (a) Classification of drugs
on the basis of pharmacological effect (b) Classification of drugs on the basis
of drug action (c) Classification of drugs on the basis of chemical structure
(d) Classification of drugs on the basis of molecular targets; Drug-Target
Interaction-Enzymes as drug targets (a) Catalytic action of enzymes (b)
Drug-enzyme interaction, receptors as drug targets; Therapeutic action of
different classes of drugs: antacids, antihistamines, neurologically active
drugs: tranquilizers, analgesics-non-narcotic, narcotic analgesics,
antimicrobials-antibiotics, antiseptics and disinfectants- antifertility drugs;
Chemicals in food-artificial sweetening agents, food preservatives,
antioxidants in food; Cleansing agents-soaps and synthetic detergents – types
and examples.
11.
HALOALKANES
AND HALOARENES: Classification and nomenclature; Nature of C-X bond;
Methods of preparation: Alkyl
halides and aryl
halides- from alcohols, from
hydrocarbons (a) by free radical halogenation (b) by electrophilic substitution
(c) by replacement of diazonium group (Sandmeyer reaction) (d) by the addition of hydrogen halides
and halogens to alkenes-by halogen exchange reactions;
Physical properties-melting and boiling points, density and solubility;
Chemical reactions: Reactions of haloalkanes (i) Nucleophilic substitution
reactions (a) SN² mechanism (b)SN¹ mechanism (c) stereochemical aspects of
nucleophilic substitution reactionsoptical activity (ii) Elimination reactions
(iii) Reaction with metals-Reactions of haloarenes:
(i) Nucleophilic substitution (ii) Electrophilic substitution and (iii)
Reaction with metals; Polyhalogen compounds: Uses and environmental effects of
dichloro methane, trichloromethane triiodomethane, tetrachloro methane, freons
and DDT.
12. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
CONTAINING C, H AND O (ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS, ETHERS, ALDEHYDES, KETONES AND CARBOXYLIC ACIDS):
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers: Alcohols, phenols and ethers
-classification; Nomenclature: (a)Alcohols, (b)phenols and (c) ethers;
Structures of hydroxy and ether functional groups; Methods of preparation: Alcohols from
alkenes and carbonyl
compounds, from Grignard reagents; Phenols from haloarenes, benzene
sulphonic acid, diazonium salts, cumene; Physical properties of alcohols and
phenols; Chemical reactions of alcohols and phenols (i) Reactions involving
cleavage of O-H bond in alcohols-Acidity of alcohols and phenols,
esterification (ii) Reactions involving cleavage of
C- O bond- reactions with HX, PX3,
dehydration and oxidation (iii) Reactions of phenols- electrophilic aromatic
substitution, Kolbe’s reaction, Reimer - Tiemann reaction, reaction with zinc
dust, oxidation; Commercially important
alcohols (methanol, ethanol); Ethers-Methods
of preparation: By dehydration of alcohols, Williamson synthesis- Physical
properties-Chemical reactions: Cleavage of
C-O bond and
electrophilic substitution of
aromatic ethers(anisole). Aldehydes
and Ketones: Nomenclature and structure of carbonyl group; Preparation
of aldehydes and
ketones-(1) by oxidation
of alcohols (2) by
dehydrogenation of alcohols (3) from hydrocarbons -Preparation of aldehydes
(1) from
acyl chlorides (2) from nitriles
and esters(3) from hydrocarbons-Preparation of ketones(1) from acyl chlorides (2)from
nitriles (3)from benzene or substituted benzenes; Physical properties of
aldehydes and ketones; Chemical reactions of aldehydes and ketones-nucleophilic
addition, reduction, oxidation, reactions due toα-
Hydrogen and other reactions
(Cannizzaro reaction, electrophilic substitution reaction); Uses of aldehydes
and ketones.
Carboxylic acids: Nomenclature and structure of carboxylgroup;
Methods of preparation of
carboxylic acids (1)from
primary alcohols and aldehydes
(2) from alkylbenzenes(3)from nitriles
and amides (4)from Grignard reagents (5) from acyl halides and
anhydrides (6) from esters; Physical properties; Chemical reactions:
(i) Reactions involving cleavage of O-H bond-acidity,
reactions with metals and alkalies (ii) Reactions involving cleavage of C-OH
bond- formation of anhydride, reactions with PCl5, PCl3,
SOCl2, esterification and reaction with ammonia (iii) Reactions
involvingCOOH group-reduction, decarboxylation (iv) Substitution reactions in
the hydrocarbon part -
halogenation and ring substitution; Uses of carboxylicacids.
13. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
CONTAINING NITROGEN:
Amines: Structure of amines; Classification; Nomenclature;
Preparation of amines: reduction of nitro compounds, ammonolysis of alkyl
halides, reduction of nitriles, reduction of amides, Gabriel phthalimide
synthesis and Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction; Physical properties;
Chemical reactions: basic character of amines, alkylation, acylation, carbyl
amine reaction, reaction with nitrous acid, reaction with aryl sulphonyl
chloride, electrophilic substitution of aromatic amines (aniline)bromination,
nitration and sulphonation.
Diazonium Salts: Methods of preparation of diazonium salts (by
diazotization) Physical properties; Chemical reactions: Reactions involving
displacement of Nitrogen; Sandmeyer reaction, Gatterman reaction, replacement
by i) iodiode and fluoride ions ii) hydrogen, hydroxyl and Nitro groups;
reactions involving retention of diazo group; coupling reactions; Importance of
diazonium salts in synthesis of aromatic compounds.
Cyanides and
Isocyanides:
Structure and nomenclature of
cyanides and isocyanides; Preparation, physical properties and chemical
reactions of cyanides and isocyanide
DELETIONS
FROM CHEMISTRY 2nd
YEAR INTERMEDIATE SYLLABUS:
1.
SOLID STATE: (1.11)
Electrical properties. (1.12) Magnetic properties
2.
SOLUTIONS: (2.7) Abnormal
molar masses
3.
ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL KINETICS:
Electrochemistry: (3.6) Batteries, (3.7) Fuel cells, (3.8) Corrosion Chemical Kinetics: (3.14) Collision
theory of chemical reaction rates.
4.
SURFACE CHEMISTRY: (4.2)
Catalysis, (4.5) Emulsions
5.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF METALLURGY: Entire Chapter
Deleted.
6.
p-BLOCK ELEMENTS:
Group-15 Elements: (6.4)
Oxides of Nitrogen- structures only. (6.6) Phosphorus allotropic forms. (6.7)
Preparation & Properties of Phosphene. (6.8) Preparation & Properties
of and (6.9)
Phosphorus Halides
& Oxo-acids (elementary idea only)
Group-16 Elements: (6.17)
Sulphuric acid – Industrial process of manufacture
7.
d AND f BLOCK ELEMENTS & COORDINATIONCOMPOUNDS: (7.4) Some important
Compounds of
Transition elements (Preparation & Properties of KMnO4 and K2Cr2O7) (7.5)
Chemical reactivity of Lanthanoids (7.6) Actinoids – Electronic configuration,
Oxidation states and Comparison with Lanthanoids (7.11) Isomerism in
Co-ordination Compounds (7.15) Importance of Co-ordination Compounds
8.
POLYMERS: Entire Chapter Deleted.
9.
BIOMOLECULES: (9.1) –(i)
Sucrose, lactose, maltose importance Polysaccharides (starch, carbohydrates)
importance (9.3) Enzymes (9.6) Harmones
10.
CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE: Entire Chapter Deleted.
11.
HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES: (11.6) Poly Halogen Compounds.
12.
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING C, H AND O (ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS,
ETHERS, ALDEHYDES,
KETONES
AND CARBOXYLIC ACIDS):(12.7)
Some Commercially important alcohols
13.
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN: Entire Chapter
Deleted.
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