Note: Deleted topics are mentioned red in colour for easy understanding.
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SUBJECT:
PHYSICS
Physics-I: Intermediate First Year
1.
PHYSICAL
WORLD: What is physics? Scope and
excitement of physics. Physics, technology and society Fundamental forces in
nature. Nature of physical laws
2.
UNITS AND
MEASUREMENTS: The international system of units, Measurement of Length,
Measurement of Large Distances, Estimation of Very Small Distances, Size of a
Molecule, Range of Lengths, Measurement of Mass, Range of Masses, Measurement
of time, Accuracy, precision of instruments and errors in measurement,
Systematic errors, random errors, least count error, Absolute Error, Relative
Error and Percentage Error, Combination of Errors, Significant figures, Rules
for Arithmetic Operations with Significant Figures, Rounding off the Uncertain
Digits, Rules for Determining the Uncertainty in the Results of Arithmetic
Calculations, Dimensions of Physical Quantities, Dimensional Formulae and
dimensional equations, Dimensional Analysis and its Applications, Checking the
Dimensional Consistency of Equations, Deducing Relation among the Physical
Quantities.
3.
MOTION IN A
STRAIGHT LINE: Position, path length and displacement, average velocity and
average speed, instantaneous velocity and speed, acceleration, kinematic
equations for uniformly accelerated motion, relative velocity.
4.
MOTION IN A
PLANE: Scalars and vectors, position and displacement vectors, equality of
vectors, multiplication of vectors by real
numbers, addition and subtraction of vectors - graphical method,
resolution of vectors, vector addition - analytical method, motion in a plane,
position vector and displacement, velocity, acceleration, motion in a plane
with constant acceleration, relative velocity in two dimensions, projectile
motion, equation of path of a projectile, time of maximum height, maximum
height of a projectile, horizontal range of projectile, uniform circular
motion.
5.
LAWS OF
MOTION: Aristotle’s fallacy, The law of inertia, Newton’s first law of
motion, Newton’s second law of motion, momentum, Impulse, Newton’s third law of
motion, Conservation of momentum, Equilibrium of a particle, Common forces in
mechanics, friction, types of friction, static, kinetic and rolling frictions,
Circular motion, Motion of a car on a level road, Motion of a car on a banked
road, solving problems in mechanics.
6.
WORK, ENERGY
AND POWER: The Scalar Product, Notions of work and kinetic energy, The
work-energy theorem, Work, Kinetic energy, Work done by a variable force, The
work-energy theorem for a variable force, The concept of Potential Energy, The
conservation of Mechanical Energy, The Potential Energy of a spring, Various
forms of energy, Heat, Chemical Energy, Electrical Energy, The Equivalence of
Mass and Energy, Nuclear Energy, The Principle of Conservation of Energy,
Power, Collisions, Elastic and Inelastic Collisions, Collisions in one
dimension, Coefficient of Restitution and its determination, Collisions in Two
Dimensions.
7.
SYSTEMS OF
PARTICLES AND ROTATIONAL MOTION: Rigid body motion, Centre of mass, Centre
of Gravity, Motion of centre of mass, Linear momentum of a system of particles,
Vector product of two vectors, Angular velocity and its relation with linear
velocity, Angular acceleration, Kinematics of rotational motion about a fixed
axis, Moment of force (Torque), Angular momentum of particle, Torque and
angular momentum for a system of a particles, conservation of angular momentum,
Equilibrium of a rigid body, Principle of moments, Moment of inertia, Theorems
of perpendicular and parallel axes, Dynamics of rotational motion about a fixed
axis, Angular momentum in case of rotation about a fixed axis, Rolling motion,
Kinetic Energy of Rolling Motion.
8.
OSCILLATIONS:
Periodic and oscillatory motions, Period and frequency, Displacement,
Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.), Simple harmonic motion and uniform circular
motion, Velocity and acceleration in simple harmonic motion, Force law for
Simple harmonic Motion, Energy in simple harmonic motion, some systems
executing Simple Harmonic Motion, Oscillations due to a spring, The Simple
Pendulum, damped simple harmonic motion, Forced oscillations and resonance.
9.
GRAVITATION:
Kepler’s laws, Universal law of gravitation, central forces, the
gravitational constant, Acceleration due to gravity of the earth, Acceleration
due to gravity below and above the surface of earth, Gravitational potential
energy, Escape speed, Orbital Speed, Earth satellites, Energy of an orbiting
satellite, Geostationary and polar satellites, Weightlessness.
10.
MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS: Elastic behavior of solids, Stress and strain,
Hooke’s law, Stress-strain curve, Elastic moduli, Young’s Modulus,
Determination of Young’s Modulus of the Material of a Wire, Shear Modulus, Bulk
Modulus, Poisson’s Ratio, Elastic Potential Energy in a Stretched wire,
Applications of elastic behavior of materials.
11.
MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS: Pressure, Pascal’s Law, Variation of Pressure with
Depth, Atmospheric Pressure and Gauge Pressure, Hydraulic Machines, Archimedes’
Principle, Streamline flow, Bernoulli’s principle, Speed of Efflux,
Torricelli’s Law, Venturi- meter, Blood Flow and Heart Attack, Dynamic Lift,
Viscosity, Variation of Viscosity of fluids with temperature, Stokes’ Law,
Reynolds number, Critical Velocity, Surface tension and Surface Energy, Angle
of Contact, Drops and Bubbles, Capillary Rise, Detergents and Surface Tension.
12.
THERMAL
PROPERTIES OF MATTER: Temperature and heat, Measurement of temperature,
Ideal-gas equation and absolute temperature, Thermal expansion, Specific heat
capacity, Calorimetry, Change of state, Triple Point, Regelation, Latent Heat,
Heat transfer, Conduction, Convection, Radiation, Black body Radiation,
Greenhouse Effect, Newton’s law of cooling and its experimental verification.
13.
THERMODYNAMICS:
Thermal equilibrium, Zeroth law of thermodynamics, Heat, Internal Energy and
work, First law of thermodynamics, Specific heat capacity, Specific heat
capacity of water, Thermodynamic state variables and equation of State,
Thermodynamic processes, Quasi-static process, Isothermal Process, Adiabatic
Process, Isochoric Process, Isobaric process, Cyclic process, Heat engines,
Refrigerators and heat pumps, Second law of thermodynamics, Reversible and
irreversible processes, Carnot engine, Carnot’s theorem.
14.
KINETIC
THEORY: Molecular nature of matter, Behaviour of gases, Boyle’s Law,
Charles’ Law, Kinetic theory of an ideal gas, Pressure of an Ideal Gas, Kinetic
interpretation of temperature, Law of equipartition of energy, Specific heat
capacity, Monatomic Gases, Diatomic Gases, Polyatomic Gases, Specific Heat
Capacity of Solids, Specific Heat Capacity of Water, Mean freepath.
Physics-II: Intermediate Second Year
1.
WAVES: Transverse
and longitudinal waves, displacement relation in a progressive wave, amplitude
and phase, wavelength and angular wave number, period, angular frequency and
frequency, the speed of a travelling wave, speed of a transverse wave on
stretched string, speed of a longitudinal wave (speed of sound), the principle
of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, standing waves and normal
modes, beats, Doppler effect: source moving and observer stationary, observer
moving and source stationary, both source and observer moving.
2.
RAY OPTICS
AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS: Reflection of light by spherical mirrors, sign
convention, focal length of spherical mirrors, the mirror equation, refraction,
total internal reflection, total internal reflection in nature and its
technological applications, refraction at spherical surfaces and by lenses,
power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact, refraction through a
prism, dispersion by a prism, some natural phenomena due to sunlight, the
rainbow, scattering of light, optical instruments, the eye, the simple and
compound microscopes, refracting telescope and Cassegrain reflecting telescope.
3.
WAVE OPTICS:
Huygens principle, refraction and reflection of plane waves using Huygens
principle, refraction in a rarer medium (at the denser medium boundary),
reflection of a plane wave by a plane surface, the Doppler effect, coherent and
incoherent addition of waves, interference of light waves and Young‘s
experiment, diffraction, the single slit diffraction, resolving power of
optical instruments, the validity of ray optics, polarisation, polarisation by
scattering, polarisation by reflection.
4.
ELECTRIC
CHARGES AND FIELDS: Electric charge, conductors and insulators, charging by
induction, basic properties of electric charges, additivity of charges,
conservation of charge, quantization of charge, Coulomb’s law, forces between
multiple charges, electric field, electric field due to a system of charges,
physical significance of electric field, electric field lines, electric flux,
electric dipole, the field of an electric dipole for points on the axial line
and on the equatorial plane, physical significance of dipoles, dipole in a
uniform external field, continuous charge distribution, Gauss’s law,
applications of Gauss’s law, field due to an infinitely long straight uniformly
charged wire, field due to a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet, field due
to a uniformly charged thin spherical shell.
5.
ELECTROSTATIC
POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE: Electrostatic potential, potential due to a
point charge, potential due to an electric dipole, potential due to a system of
charges, equipotential surfaces, relation between field and potential,
potential energy of a system of charges, potential energy in an external field,
potential energy of a single charge, potential energy of a system of two
charges in an external field, potential energy of a dipole in an external
field, electrostatics of conductors, electrostatic shielding, dielectrics and
polarisation, electric displacement, capacitors and capacitance, the parallel
plate capacitor, effect of dielectric on capacitance, combination of
capacitors, capacitors in series, capacitors in parallel, energy stored in a
capacitor, Van de Graaff generator.
6.
CURRENT
ELECTRICITY: Electric current, electric current in conductors, Ohm’s law,
drift of electrons and the origin of resistivity, mobility, limitations of
Ohm’s law, resistivity of various materials, colour code of resistors,
Temperature dependence of resistivity, electrical energy, power, combination of
resistors – series and parallel. Cells, EMF, internal resistance, cells in
series and in parallel, Kirchhoff’s rules, Wheatstone Bridge, Meter Bridge,
Potentiometer.
7.
MOVING
CHARGES AND MAGNETISM: Magnetic force, sources and fields, magnetic field,
Lorentz force, magnetic force on a current carrying conductor, motion in a
magnetic field, helical motion of charged particles, motion in combined
electric and magnetic fields, velocity selector, Cyclotron, magnetic field due
to a current element, Biot – Savart’s law, Magnetic field on the axis of a
circular current loop, Ampere’s circuital law, the solenoid and the toroid,
force between two parallel current carrying conductors, the ampere (UNIT),
torque on current loop, magnetic dipole, torque on a rectangular current loop
in a uniform magnetic field, circular current loop as a magnetic dipole, the
magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron, the Moving Coil Galvanometer;
conversion into ammeter and voltmeter.
8.
MAGNETISM
AND MATTER: The bar magnet, the magnetic field lines, bar magnet as an
equivalent solenoid, The dipole in a uniform magnetic field, the electrostatic
analog, Magnetism and Gauss’s Law, The Earth’s magnetism, magnetic declination
and dip, magnetisation and magnetic intensity, susceptibility, magnetic
properties of materials; Diamagnetism, Paramagnetism, Ferromagnetism,
Hysteresis loop, permanent magnets and electromagnets.
9.
ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION: The experiments of Faraday and Henry, magnetic flux, Faraday’s
Law of induction, Lenz’s law and conservation of energy, motional electromotive
force, energy consideration - a quantitative study, Eddy currents, inductance,
mutual inductance, selfinductance, AC generator.
10.
ALTERNATING
CURRENT: AC voltage applied to a resistor, representation of AC current and
voltage by rotating vectors - Phasors, AC voltage applied to an inductor, AC
voltage applied to a capacitor, AC voltage applied to a series LCR circuit,
Phasor – diagram solution, analytical solution, resonance, sharpness of resonance,
power in AC circuit, the power factor, LC oscillations, transformers.
11.
ELECTROMAGNETIC
WAVES: Displacement current, Maxwell’s equations, electromagnetic waves,
sources of electromagnetic waves, nature of electromagnetic waves,
electromagnetic spectrum: radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, visible
rays, ultraviolet rays, X-rays, gamma rays.
12.
DUAL NATURE
OF RADIATION AND MATTER: Electron emission, Photoelectric Effect, Hertz’s
observations, Hallwachs and Lenard’s observations, experimental study of photoelectric
effect, effect of intensity of light on photocurrent, effect of potential on
photoelectric current, effect of frequency of incident radiation on stopping
potential, Photoelectric effect and Wave theory of Light,
Einstein’s Photoelectric equation,
Energy Quantum of Radiation, particle nature of light, the photon, wave nature
of matter, photocell, Davisson and Germer experiment.
13.
ATOMS: Alpha
particle scattering and Rutherford’s nuclear model of atom, alpha particle
trajectory, electron orbits, atomic spectra, spectral series, Bohr model of the
hydrogen atom, energy levels, Franck – Hertz experiment, the line spectra of
the hydrogen atom, deBroglie’s explanation of Bohr’s second postulate of
quantization, LASERlight.
14.
NUCLEI: Atomic
masses and composition of nucleus, discovery of neutron, size of the nucleus,
Mass - Energy and Nuclear Binding Energy, Nuclear Force, Radioactivity, Law of
radioactive decay, Alpha decay, Beta decay, Gamma decay, Nuclear Energy, Fission,
Nuclear reactor, nuclear fusion, energy generation in stars, controlled
thermonuclear fusion.
15.
SEMICONDUCTOR
ELECTRONICS: MATERIALS, DEVICES
AND SIMPLE
CIRCUITS: Classification of metals, conductors, and semiconductors
on the basis of conductivity and energy bands, Band theory of solids, Intrinsic
semiconductor, Extrinsic semiconductor, p-type semiconductor, n-type
semiconductor, p-n junction formation, semiconductor diode, p-n junction diode
under forward bias, p-n junction diode under reverse bias, Application of
junction diode as a rectifier, special purpose p-n junction diodes, Zener
diode, Zener diode as voltage regulator, Optoelectronic junction devices,
Photodiode, light emitting diode, solar cell. Junction transistor, structure
and action, Basic transistor circuit configurations and transistor
characteristics, transistor as a switch and as an amplifier (CE –
Configuration), Feedback amplifier and transistor oscillator, Digital
Electronics and Logic gates, NOT, OR, AND, NAND and NOR Gates, Integrated
circuits.
16.
COMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS: Elements of a Communication system, basic terminology used in
electronic communication systems, bandwidth of signals, bandwidth of
transmission medium, propagation of electromagnetic waves, ground waves, sky waves,
space wave, modulation and its necessity, size of the antenna or aerial,
effective power radiated by an antenna, mixing up of signals from different
transmitters, amplitude modulation, production of amplitude modulated wave,
detection of amplitude modulated wave.
DELETIONS
FROM PHYSICS 2nd
YEAR INTERMEDIATE SYLLABUS:
1.
WAVES: Doppler effected
and its two situations.
2.
RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS: Reflection of light by spherical mirrors, the mirror
equation. Scattering of light reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise and
sunset and blue colors of sky.
3.
WAVE OPTICS: Diffraction:
Resolving power of optical instruments (microscope and astronomical telescope).
Polarisation: Polarisation of
reflection (Brewster’s law) plane polarized light (uses) polaroids,
polarization by scattering.
4.
ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS: Application of Gauss’s law: Field due to uniformly charged
thin spherical shell (field inside and outside).
6.
CURRENT ELECTRICITY: Colour
code for carbon resistors, series and parallel Combinations of resistors.
7.
MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM: Cyclofron.
8.
MAGNETISM AND MATTER: Magnetic
field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (Bar magnet) along its axis and
perpendicular to its axis (Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid), the dipole in
a uniform magnet field Magnetic property of materials (Para, dia and ferro) and
its examples, permanent magnets and electromagnets
10.
ALTERNATING CURRENT: Power
in AC circuit–The power factor, wattles current.
11.
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES: Displacement
current.
12.
DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER: Davisson and Germer experiment.
14.
NUCLEI: Radio activity
(alpha, beta and gamma particles and their properties) Law of radioactive
decay, half-life and mean life of a Radioactive material, Binding energy per
nucleon and its variation with mass number.
15.
SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS: MATERIALS, DEVICES AND SIMPLE
CIRCUITS: Purpose of P-N junction diode 1.
Zener diode and their characteristics 2. Zener diode as a voltage regulator.
